comparative measure

1) Математика: сравнительный показатель

2) Реклама: показатель сравнения

1) сравнительный

2) относительный

•

- comparative analysis

- comparative appraisal

- comparative approach

- comparative assay

- comparative assessment

- comparative check

- comparative confirmation

- comparative data

- comparative estimation

- comparative experiment

- comparative informativeness

- comparative interpolation

- comparative judgment

- comparative measure

- comparative method

- comparative probability

- comparative projectability

- comparative sensitivity

- comparative similarity

- comparative statistics

- comparative survey

- comparative test

- comparative trials

1) мера

2) мероприятие

3) средство измерения || измерять

4) критерий; мерило

5) мерная посуда || отмеривать; дозировать

6) полигр. формат полосы набора

7) характеристика

•

- a posteriori measure

- a priori measure

- absolutely continuous measure

- abstract measure

- additive measure

- analytical measure

- angular measure

- annihilating measure

- antifire measure

- approximate measure

- approximation measure

- arc measure

- atomic measure

- atomless measure

- averaged measure

- biharmonic measure

- biinvariant measure

- bounded measure

- boundedly finite measure

- canonical measure

- cardinality measure

- central measure

- characteristic measure

- cluster invariant measure

- coherent measure

- common measure

- compact measure

- comparative measure

- complete measure

- completely additive measure

- complex measure

- complex representing measure

- complex-valued measure

- conditional measure

- conditionally compact measure

- continuation of measure

- continuous measure

- continuously embeddable measure

- contracted measure

- convergence measure

- core measure

- countably additive measure

- counting measure

- crude measure

- cumulated measure

- curvature measure

- cylinder set measure

- cylindric measure

- decimal measure

- decreasing measure

- defective probability measure

- definition of measure

- degenerate measure

- degree measure

- dense measure

- descriptive measure

- diffuse measure

- discrete measure

- disparity measure

- dominant measure

- dominated measure

- dual measure

- elementary measure

- elliptic measure

- empirical measure

- energy of measure

- enveloped measure

- equiprobable measure

- ergodic measure

- essential measure

- excessive measure

- exterior measure

- extremal measure

- extrinsic measure

- finite measure

- finite-dimensional measure

- finitely additive measure

- full measure

- fuzzy measure

- generalized measure

- global measure

- goodness measure

- greatest common measure

- heuristic measure

- hitting probability measure

- homogeneous measure

- hyperbolic measure

- idempotent measure

- indecomposable measure

- indirect measure

- individual measure

- induced measure

- infinite measure

- infinitely divisible measure

- inner measure

- integrating measure

- intensity measure

- interior measure

- interval measure

- intrinsic measure

- irrational measure

- isotropic measure

- joint spectral measure

- judgemental measure

- kinematic measure

- kinetic measure

- Lebesgue measure

- left-invariant measure

- likelihood measure

- local measure

- locally absolutely continuous measure

- logarithmic measure

- logmodular measure

- long measure

- marginal measure

- matrix measure

- maximal measure

- measure of accuracy

- measure of agreement

- measure of approximation

- measure of area

- measure of association

- measure of belief

- measure of capacity

- measure of central tendency

- measure of concentration

- measure of concordance

- measure of confidence

- measure of consistency

- measure of contrast

- measure of convergence

- measure of correlation

- measure of covariance

- measure of curve shape

- measure of dependability

- measure of deviation

- measure of disagreement

- measure of discrepancy

- measure of dispersion

- measure of distribution

- measure of divergence

- measure of effectiveness

- measure of entanglement

- measure of error

- measure of excess

- measure of fineness

- measure of general variability

- measure of homogeneity

- measure of importance

- measure of inaccuracy

- measure of independence

- measure of inequality

- measure of irrationality

- measure of kurtosis

- measure of length

- measure of location

- measure of noncompactness

- measure of nonlinearity

- measure of nonnormality

- measure of peakedness

- measure of precision

- measure of regression

- measure of relative kurtosis

- measure of risk

- measure of scatter

- measure of sensitivity

- measure of set

- measure of shape

- measure of significance

- measure of simplicity

- measure of skewness

- measure of spherical angle

- measure of spread

- measure of stability

- measure of surface

- measure of symmetry

- measure of taxonomic distance

- measure of transcendency

- measure of uncertainty

- measure of utility

- measure of value

- measure of variability

- measure of volume

- measure of weight

- modified measure

- moment measure

- most effective measure

- n-dimensional measure

- nonadditive measure

- nonatomic measure

- nonlattice measure

- nonnegative measure

- nonprobabilistic measure

- nonrandom measure

- nontrivial measure

- normal measure

- normalized measure

- null measure

- operator measure

- ordered measure

- orthogonal measure

- outer measure

- parabolic measure

- perfect measure

- planar measure

- position measure

- positive measure

- positive-tempered measure

- potential measure

- potential of measure

- precision measure

- prediction measure

- prior measure

- product measure

- projection measure

- proper measure

- purely atomic measure

- purely continuous measure

- purely linear measure

- qualitative measure

- quartile measure

- quasiexcessive measure

- quasiinvariant measure

- quotient measure

- reccurrent measure

- reduced measure

- regular measure

- regularized measure

- relative measure

- relatively invariant measure

- representing measure

- restricted measure

- right-invariant measure

- scalar measure

- self-dual measure

- semifinite measure

- semispectral measure

- separable measure

- sexagesimal measure

- sigma-finite measure

- signed measure

- simple measure

- simplicial measure

- singular measure

- slowly increasing measure

- smooth measure

- solid measure

- solution measure

- stationary measure

- stochastic measure

- strictly positive measure

- subadditive measure

- subregular measure

- superadditive measure

- superregular measure

- surface measure

- symmetrical measure

- tight measure

- total measure

- totally bounded measure

- transitive measure

- two-valued measure

- unbounded spectral measure

- uniform measure

- unnormalized measure

- variate in standard measure

- variation measure

- variationally semiregular measure

- vector measure

- zero-one measure

 

дифференциальный гальванометр
-
[Лугинский Я. Н. и др. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике. 2-е издание - М.: РУССО, 1995 - 616 с.]

дифференциальный гальванометр
-
[IEV number 313-01-33]

EN

difference galvanometer
galvanometer intended to measure the difference between two currents
[IEV number 313-01-33]

FR

galvanomètre de différence
galvanomètre destiné à mesurer la différence entre deux courants
[IEV number 313-01-33]

Тематики

• измерение электр. величин в целом

EN

• comparative galvanometer
• difference galvanometer
• differential galvanometer

DE

• Differenzgalvanometer

FR

• galvanomètre de différence

comparative, relative.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 comparative

► nombre masculino comparativo

1 comparative

► nombre masculino

1 comparative

* * *

* * *

ADJ SM comparative

* * *

- va adjetivo comparative

masculino comparative

* * *

= comparative.

Ex. Clearly this definition can be generalised in order to compare a number of different systems, and provides a useful comparative measure.

----

* gráfica comparativa = comparison table.

* relación comparativa = comparative relation.

* * *

- va adjetivo comparative

masculino comparative

* * *

* * *

1 ‹estudio/método› comparative

2 ( Ling) comparative

comparative

* * *

♦ adj

comparative

♦ nm

comparative

* * *

I adj comparative

II m GRAM comparative

* * *

comparativo, -va adj

: comparative, relative

♦ comparativamente adv

comparativo nm

: comparative degree or form

* * *

comparativo adj n comparative

► participio pasado

1→ link=comparar comparar

► adjetivo

1 compared ( con, to)

2 (gramática, lingüística) comparative

* * *

1) [estudio, proyecto] comparative

2)

* * *

- da adjetivo <gramática/estudio> comparative; ver tb comparar

* * *

= comparative.

Ex. Clearly this definition can be generalised in order to compare a number of different systems, and provides a useful comparative measure.

----

* comparado con = in comparison to, in comparison with.

* * *

- da adjetivo <gramática/estudio> comparative; ver tb comparar

* * *

* * *

‹gramática/estudio› comparative ver tb comparar

* * *

comparado, -a adj

comparado con compared to;

comparado con el tuyo, el mío es increíble compared to yours, mine is incredible;

gramática comparada comparative grammar

* * *

comparado con compared with

* * *

comparado, -da adj

: comparative

literatura comparada: comparative literature

1 relative, pertaining, relating, relevant.

2 non absolute.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 relative

■ problemas relativos a la economía problems relating to the economy, problems related to the economy

► nombre masculino relativo

1 LINGÚÍSTICA relative

\

en lo relativo a with regard to, referring to, concerning

► nombre masculino

1 LINGÚÍSTICA relative

* * *

1) relative

2) comparative

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (=no absoluto) relative

2) (=referente)

3) (Ling) relative

SM relative

* * *

- va adjetivo

1) ( no absoluto) relative

2) ( concerniente)

masculino (Ling) relative

* * *

= comparative, relative.

Ex. Clearly this definition can be generalised in order to compare a number of different systems, and provides a useful comparative measure.

Ex. In computer indexing this will involve statistical analysis of the relative frequency of occurrence of terms.

----

* en lo relativo a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned.

* exhaustividad relativa = relative recall.

* índice relativo = relative index.

* relativo a = concerning, pertaining to, relating to, relative to, appertaining to, attending.

* relativo a acrónimos = acronymic.

* relativo a la alfabetización = alphabetising [alphabetizing, -USA].

* relativo a la conservación = curational.

* relativo a la conversación = conversationally.

* relativo a la definición = definitional.

* relativo a la dirección = directorial.

* relativo a la enseñanza superior = tertiary.

* relativo a la jurisprudencia = jurisprudential.

* relativo a la metalurgia = metallurgical.

* relativo a la moda = modal.

* relativo a la musicología = musicological.

* relativo a la navegación por un entorno gráfico = navigational.

* relativo a la normativa = constitutional.

* relativo a la ortodoncia = orthodontic.

* relativo a la productividad = output-oriented.

* relativo a la programación = programmatic.

* relativo a la relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit.

* relativo a la relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit.

* relativo a las algas = algal.

* relativo a las aves = avian.

* relativo a la sinestesia = synesthetic.

* relativo a las patentes = patenting.

* relativo a la termoquímica = thermochemical.

* relativo a la tonalidad = tonal.

* relativo a la zoología = zoological.

* relativo al cerebro = cerebral.

* relativo al desfile militar = marching.

* relativo al diálogo = conversationally.

* relativo al espacio físico = spatial.

* relativo al genoma = genomic.

* relativo a los consorcios = consortial.

* relativo a los estudios de diplomatura = undergrad (undergraduate).

* relativo a los estudios de licenciatura = grad (graduate), postgraduate [post-graduate].

* relativo a los obreros no manuales = white collar.

* relativo al procedimiento = procedural.

* relativo al tono = tonal.

* relativo al trabajo = occupational.

* relativo a un grupo = group-related.

* relativo a un precedente = precedential.

* relativo a varias edades = cross-age [cross age].

* todo lo relativo al personaje novelesco Holmes = Holmesiana.

* * *

- va adjetivo

1) ( no absoluto) relative

2) ( concerniente)

masculino (Ling) relative

* * *

* * *

A (no absoluto) relative

eso es muy relativo that depends

una dolencia de relativa gravedad a fairly o relatively serious illness

viven en un estado de relativo bienestar they're relatively o reasonably well-off

B (concerniente) relativo A algo relating TO sth

datos relativos a la mortalidad infantil data relating to infant mortality

todo lo relativo a la política anything to do with o anything related to politics

en lo relativo a este problema es necesario adoptar medidas urgentes urgent measures are needed to deal with this problem, urgent measures are needed with regard to this problem

relative

* * *

◊ -va adjetivo

◊ eso es muy relativo that depends;

◊ todo lo relativo a la política anything to do with o related to politics;

* * *

♦ adj

1. [no absoluto] relative;

mayoría relativa relative majority;

todo es relativo it's all relative;

su estudio tiene un relativo valor científico her study's scientific value is relative

2. [relacionado, tocante]

un debate relativo al problema del desempleo a debate on the problem of unemployment;

el precio debería ser relativo a la calidad the price should be in proportion to the quality;

en lo relativo a… regarding…, in relation to…

3. Gram [pronombre, adjetivo, adverbio] relative

4. Gram [oración] relative

♦ nm

* * *

adj relative;

relativo a regarding, about;

pronombre relativo GRAM relative pronoun

* * *

relativo, -va adj

1) : relative

en lo relativo a : with regard to, concerning

♦ relativamente adv

* * *

relativo adj relative

1 to spread, to make widespread.

2 to generalize.

* * *

Conjugation model [ REALIZAR], like realizar

► verbo transitivo

1 (gen) to generalize

2 (extender) to spread, popularize

■ la televisión ha generalizado ciertas costumbres television has popularized certain habits

► verbo pronominal generalizarse

1 to spread, become widespread, become common

■ el uso de cascos se ha generalizado últimamente the use of helmets has recently become widespread

* * *

VT (=extender) [+ práctica] to make (more) widespread; [+ conflicto] to widen, spread

VI (=hacer generalizaciones) to generalize

generalizarse

* * *

verbo intransitivo to generalize, make generalizations

generalizarse v pron to spread

* * *

= generalise [generalize, -USA].

Ex. Clearly this definition can be generalised in order to compare a number of different systems, and provides a useful comparative measure.

* * *

verbo intransitivo to generalize, make generalizations

generalizarse v pron to spread

* * *

* * *

generalizar [A4 ]

to generalize, make generalizations

to spread

una campaña para generalizar esta práctica a campaign to spread o encourage this practice

to spread

se generalizaron las protestas the protests spread

se ha generalizado entre los jóvenes it has become widespread among young people

* * *

* * *

♦ vt

to spread, to make widespread

♦ vi

to generalize;

no generalices don't generalize, don't make generalizations

♦ See also the pronominal verb generalizarse

* * *

I v/t spread

II v/i generalize

* * *

generalizar {21} vi

: to generalize

generalizar vt

: to spread, to spread out

♦ See also the reflexive verb generalizarse

* * *

generalizar vb to generalize

(v.) = generalise [generalize, -USA]

Ex. Clearly this definition can be generalised in order to compare a number of different systems, and provides a useful comparative measure.

* * *

1) Mathematics: comparative measure

2) Law: comparative index

1. прил. steppe (attr.)

2. същ. (стадий) stage (и тех.)

3. (служебна) rank

(на орден) class

(на съд) instance

(на роднинство) degree

(научна) degree

присъждам научна степен на confer a degree on

4. грам. degree

степени на сравнение degrees of comparison

положителна/сравнителна/превъзходна степен a positive/comparative/superlative degree

5. мат. power

(степенен показател) exponent

повдигам на втора/трета степен raise to the second/third power

на n- та степен to the n-th degree

до известна степен to a certain extent/degree; to some extent, in a/some measure

within limits

до голяма степен to a great extent, in a large/great measure; largely

до такава степен to such a degree

до последна степен to the last degree/extent

в най-висша степен in the utmost degree; in the extreme

в не малка степен to a not inconsiderable degree, to no inconsiderable degree

до степен на to the point of

* * *

стѐпен,

прил., -на, -но, -ни steppe (attr.).

——————

ж., -и 1. ( стадий) stage (и техн.), техн. ratio; \степен на платежоспособност margin of solvency; \степен на свиването compression ratio; \степен на секретност security grading;

2. ( служебна) rank; (на орден) class; (на съд) instance; (на роднинство) degree; ( научна) degree; присъждам научна \степен на confer a degree on;

3. език. degree; положителна/сравнителна/превъзходна \степен positive/comparative/superlative degree; \степени на сравнение degrees of comparison;

4. мат. power; ( степенен показател) exponent; на \степен n to the n-th degree; повдигам на втора/трета \степен raise to the second/third power; • в по-малка \степен to a lesser extent; до голяма \степен to a great extent, in a large/great measure; largely; до известна \степен to a certain extent/degree; to some extent, in a/some measure; within limits; до такава \степен, че to the extent of (с ger.); to the extent that, to such an extent that.

* * *

degree (и грам., и научна): степен of comparison - сравнителна степен, superlative степен - превъзходна степен, Bachelor's степен - бакалавърска степен, Master's степен - магистърска степен; stage (стадий); exponent (мат. степенен показател); extent: to some степен - до известна степен, to a great степен - до голяма степен; grade ; magnitude (магнитуд); rank (служебна); notch ; order (порядък); peg ; power (мат.): rise to third степен - повдигам на трета степен

* * *

1 to compare, to make a comparison.

comparar algo/a alguien con algo/alguien to compare something/somebody with something/somebody

comparar precios to compare prices, to shop around

¡no compares, ésta es mucho más bonita! don't compare, this one's much nicer!

Elsa carea beneficios Elsa compares benefits.

2 to draw a comparison, to make a comparison.

* * *

► verbo transitivo

1 to compare

■ compara este vino con aquél compare this wine to that one

\

¡no compares! familiar far from it!

* * *

* * *

VT to compare (a to) ( con with, to)

compararse

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) ( contrastar) to compare

b) ( asemejar) to compare

* * *

= compare, draw + parallel, make + comparisons, liken, cross-tabulate, factor, collate, triangulate, cross-reference, equate (with/to), diff.

Nota: Usado generalmente en informática para comparar diferencias entre diferentes versiones de un mismo archivo.

Ex. All words in the titles of the documents to be indexed will be compared, by a computer, with a pre-selected stop list or stopword list.

Ex. This article draws a parallel between the growth of video collections and the earlier introduction of paperbacks into libraries.

Ex. Quality in reviewing can be variable, but ARBA has a good record for providing critical comments when indicated and does not hesitate to make comparisons with similar tools.

Ex. It can be likened to the production of a modern painting using spray paints and masks.

Ex. Survey items, including subject searched, method of instruction, amount of searching experience, data base selected, and perceived relevance of citations retrieved, were cross-tabulated and examined for significance using the chi squared test.

Ex. Library funding was factored against the comprehensive budgets of WTALC institutions, resulting in a measurement of the comparative percentage of university money made available to its libraries.

Ex. It is no longer necessary to collate unaided, since copies can now be compared mechanically with a Hinman collating machine, which rapidly shows up all variation between them.

Ex. The author discusses the advantages of using meta search engines for searching the World Wide Web as an alternative to using several search engines and triangulating the results.

Ex. The editor has done a good job of cross-referencing the material, thus highlighting some of the ways in which separate factors interact and multiply their disintegrating effects.

Ex. These new symbols can be equated with the symbols 'x' and 'xx' that are used currently in many authority listings to convey the same meaning.

Ex. There are many tools available for diffing text files, but we often find ourselves wanting to see how an image file has changed too.

----

* comparándolo = in comparison.

* comparar con = match against, run + Nombre + through + Nombre, weigh against, stand up against.

* comparar detalle a detalle = compare + point by point.

* comparar notas = compare + notes.

* comparar precios = comparison shop.

* compararse = rival, measure up (to).

* compararse con = stack up against, measure up against, match up against.

* compararse favorablemente = compare + favourably.

* comprar comparando productos = shop around, shopping around.

* imposible de comparar = incommemsurable, incommensurate.

* si los comparamos = in comparison.

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) ( contrastar) to compare

b) ( asemejar) to compare

* * *

= compare, draw + parallel, make + comparisons, liken, cross-tabulate, factor, collate, triangulate, cross-reference, equate (with/to), diff.

Nota: Usado generalmente en informática para comparar diferencias entre diferentes versiones de un mismo archivo.

* * *

comparar [A1 ]

1 (contrastar) to compare comparar algo/a algn CON algo/algn to compare sth/sb WITH sth/sb

comparado con los de ayer, este ejercicio es fácil this exercise is easy compared with o to yesterday's

2 (asemejar) to compare comparar algo/a algn A algo/algn to compare sth/sb TO sth/sb

en el poema la compara a una diosa griega in the poem he compares her to a Greek goddess

to make a comparison, compare

* * *

◊ no puede ni compararse al otro it doesn't even compare at all to o with the other one

* * *

♦ vt

to compare;

comparar algo/a alguien con algo/alguien to compare sth/sb with sth/sb;

comparar precios to compare prices, to shop around

♦ vi

to compare, to make a comparison;

¡no compares, ésta es mucho más bonita! don't compare, this one's much nicer!

* * *

v/t compare ( con with, to)

* * *

comparar vt

: to compare

* * *

comparar vb to compare

1 to gauge, to measure.

El médico graduó la dosis The doctor gauged the dose.

2 to stagger.

3 to confer a degree on (education).

4 to confer a rank on, to commission (military).

5 to graduate, to degree, to give a diploma to.

La escuela graduó a mil estudiantes The school graduated a thousand students

* * *

Conjugation model [ ACTUAR], like link=actuar actuar

► verbo transitivo

1 (termómetro) to graduate, calibrate

2 (regular) to adjust, regulate

3 (conceder un diploma) to confer a degree on, US graduate; (conceder un grado) to confer a rank

4 (medir) to gauge, measure; (la vista) to test, check

► verbo pronominal graduarse

1 to graduate, get one's degree

\

graduarse la vista to have one's eyes tested

* * *

1) to regulate

2) gauge

•

- graduarse

* * *

1. VT

1) (=regular) [+ volumen, temperatura] to adjust

2) (=medir) to gauge, measure; (Téc) to calibrate; [+ termómetro] to graduate; [+ vista] to test

3) (Univ) to confer a degree on

4) (Mil) to confer a rank on

graduarse

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) ( regular) to adjust

b) ( marcar) <instrumento/termómetro> to calibrate

graduarse v pron

a) (Educ) to graduate

b) (Mil) to take a commission

* * *

= grade, scale, graduate.

Ex. In an area study the emphasis should be about equal, in a case or comparative study it should be graded depending on the focus of interest.

Ex. To produce a statewide estimate, this framework would need to be scaled to accommodate all public libraries in a particular state.

Ex. This article discusses whether library service fees should be graduated.

----

* graduarse = graduate.

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) ( regular) to adjust

b) ( marcar) <instrumento/termómetro> to calibrate

graduarse v pron

a) (Educ) to graduate

b) (Mil) to take a commission

* * *

* * *

graduar [ A18 ]

1 (regular) to adjust

para graduar la temperatura to adjust the temperature

graduamos la dificultad de los ejercicios we progressively increase the difficulty of the exercises

2 (marcar) ‹instrumento/termómetro› to calibrate

1 (de la universidad) to graduate, get one's degree

2 ( Mil) to take a commission, be commissioned

acaba de graduarse de capitán he has just been commissioned as a captain

3 (Esp, Méx) (medir) ‹vista› to test

tengo que graduarme la vista I have to have my eyes tested

* * *

a) ( regular) to adjust

b) ( marcar) ‹instrumento/termómetro› to calibrate

a) (Educ) to graduate

b) (Mil) to take a commission

* * *

♦ vt

1. [medir] to gauge, to measure

2. [regular] to regulate;

la temperatura se gradúa con este botón this button regulates o controls the temperature

3. [vista] to test;

me graduaron mal las gafas they gave me the wrong prescription for my glasses

4. [escalonar] to stagger;

graduó su esfuerzo para llegar hasta el final she paced herself to make sure she finished

5. Educ to confer a degree on

6. Mil to confer a rank on, to commission

♦ See also the pronominal verb graduarse

* * *

1 TÉC etc adjust

graduar las gafas o

la vista have one’s eyes tested

* * *

graduar {3} v

1) : to regulate, to adjust

2) calibrar: to calibrate, to gauge

♦ See also the reflexive verb graduarse

* * *

graduar vb

1. (regular) to adjust

2. (clasificar) to grade

1) half; hálfr mánaðr, half a month, fortnight; til hálfs by a half; hálfr annar, þriði, fjórði, &c., one, two, three and a half; hálft annat hundrað, one hundred and a half; hálfr þriði tøgr manna, twenty-five men;

2) neut. ‘hálfu’, by half, with a comparative in an intensive sense, much, far; hálfu verri, far worse; hálfu meira, far more; hálfu siðr, far less.

* * *

adj., hálf (hlf), hálft, freq. spelt halbr, halb er öld hvar, Hm. 52; [Goth. halbs; A. S. healf; Engl. half; Hel. halba; Germ. halb; Dan. halv; Swed. half]:—half; hálfr mánuðr, half a month, a fortnight, Nj. 4; þar átti hann kyn hálft, Eg. 288; hálf stika, half a yard, Grág. i. 498; hálf Jól, the half of Yule, Fs. 151, passim: adverb. phrases, til hálfs, by a half, Eg. 258, 304; aukinn hálfu, increased by half, doubled, Grág. i. 157, Gþl. 24.

2. with the notion of brief, scant, little; sjá hálf hýnótt, that little night, Skm. 42; hálf stund, a little while; eg skal ekki vera hálfa stund að því, i. e. I shall have done presently, in a moment; cp. hálb er öld hvar, only half, Hm. 52; með hálfum hleif, with half a loaf, a little loaf of bread, 51: an Icel. says to his guest, má eg bjóða þér í hálfum bolla, í hálfu staupi, hálfan munnbita, and the like.

II. in counting Icel. say, hálfr annarr, half another, i. e. one and a half; h. þriði, half a third, i. e. two and a half; h. fjórði, three and a half; h. fimti, four and a half, etc.; thus, hálfan annan dag, one day and a half; hálft annað ár, hálfan annan mánuð, h. aðra nótt; hálf önnur stika, a yard and a half, Grág. i. 498; hálfa fimtu mörk, four marks and a half, 391; hálft annat hundrað, one hundred and a half, Sturl. i. 186; hálfr þriði tögr manna, two decades and a half, i. e. twenty-five, men, Ísl. ii. 387; hálfan fimta tög skipa, Hkr. iii. 374: similar are the compd adjectives hálf-þrítugr, aged twenty-five; hálf-fertugr, aged thirty-five; hálf-fimtugr, hálf-sextugr, -sjötugr, -áttræðr, -níræðr, -tíræðr, i. e. aged forty-five, fifty-five, sixty-five, seventy-five, eighty-five, ninety-five, and lastly, hálf-tólfræðr, one hundred and fifteen, Eg. 84, Fms. i. 148, Greg. 60, Stj. 639, Bs. i. 54, 101, Hkr. (pref.), Mar. 32, Íb. 18, Grett. 162, Fs. 160: also of measure, hálf-fertugr föðmum, Landn. (App.) 324, Fms. vii. 217; hálf-þrítugt tungl, a moon twenty-five days’ old, Rb. 26: contracted, hálf-fjórðu mörk, three marks and a half, Am. 63; hálf-fimtu mörk, four marks and a half, Jm. 36: as to this use, cp. the Germ. andert-halb, dritt-halb, viert-halb, etc., Gr. τρίτον ἡμιτάλαντον ( two talents and a half), Lat. sestertius.

III. neut. hálfu with a comparative, in an intensive sense, far; hálfu verri, worse by half, far worse; hálfu meira, far more, Fms. vi. 201; hálfu heilli! Fb. i. 180; hálfu síðr, far less, Þórð. 41 new Ed., Fb. ii. 357; fremr hálfu, much farther ago, Hðm. 2; h. lengra, Bs. ii. 48; h. betri, better by half; h. hógligra, far snugger, Am. 66; hálfu sæmri, Fb. ii. 334.

β. with neg. suff.; hálft-ki, not half; at hálft-ki má óstyrkð ór bera, Greg. 54.

IV. a pr. name, rare, whence Hálfs-rekkr, m. pl. the champions of king Half, Fas.: Hálf-dan, m. Half-Dane, a pr. name, cp. Healf-Danes in Beowulf, Fms.

B. The COMPDS are very numerous in adjectives, nouns, and participles, but fewer in verbs; we can record only a few, e. g. hálf-afglapi, a, m. half an idiot, Band. 4 new Ed. hálf-aukinn, part. increased by half, H. E. ii. 222. hálf-áttræðr, see above. hálf-bergrisi, a, m. half a giant, Eg. 23. hálf-berserkr, m. half a berserker, Sd. 129. hálf-björt, n. adj. half bright, dawning. hálf-blandinn, part. half blended, Stj. 85. hálf-blindr, adj. half blind. hálf-bolli, a, m. half a bowl (a measure), N. G. L. ii. 166. hálf-breiðr, adj. of half breadth, Jm. 2. hálf-brosandi, part. half smiling. hálf-bróðir, m. a half brother (on one side). hálf-brunninn, part. half burnt. hálf-bræðrungr, m. a half cousin, K. Á. 140. hálf-búinn, part. half done. hálf-dauðr, adj. half dead, Sturl. ii. 54, Magn. 530, Hkr. iii. 366. hálf-daufr, adj. half deaf. hálf-deigr, adj. damp. hálf-dimt, n. adj. half dark, in twilight. hálf-drættingr, m. a fisher-boy, who gets half the fish he catches, but not a full ‘hlutr.’ hálf-ermaðr, part. half sleeved, Sturl. iii. 306. hálf-etinn, part. half eaten, Al. 95. hálf-eyrir, m. half an ounce, Fms. x. 211. hálf-fallinn, part. half fallen, K. Á. 96; h. út sjór, of the tide. hálf-farinn, part. half gone. hálf-fertrugr, hálf-fimti, hálf-fimtugr, hálf-fjórði, see above (II). hálf-fífl, n. and hálf-fífla, u, f. half an idiot, Fms. vi. 218, Bs. i. 286. hálf-fjórðungr, m. half a fourth part, Bs. ii. 170. hálf-frosinn, part. half frozen. hálf-fúinn, part. half rotten. hálf-genginn, part. halving. hálf-gildi, n. half the value, Gþl. 392. hálf-gildr, adj. of half the value, N. G. L. hálf-gjalda, galt, to pay half, N. G. L. i. 174. hálf-grátandi, part. half weeping. hálf-gróinn, part. half healed. hálf-görr, part. half done, only half done, left half undone, Fms. ii. 62; litlu betr en hálfgört, Greg. 24. hálfgörðar-bóndi, a, m. a man who has to furnish half a levy, D. N. hálf-hélufall, n. a slight fall of rime, Gísl. 154. hálf-hlaðinn, part. half laden, Jb. 411. hálf-hneppt, n. adj. a kind of metre, Edda 139. hálf-hræddr, adj. half afraid. hálf-kirkja, u, f. a ‘half-kirk,’ = mod. annexía, an annex-church, district church, or chapel of ease, Vm. 126, H. E. i. 430, ii. 138, Am. 28, Pm. 41, Dipl. v. 19; distinction is made between al-kirkja, hálf-kirkja, and bæn-hús, a chapel. hálf-kjökrandi, part. half choked with tears. hálf-klæddr, part. half dressed. hálf-konungr, m. a half king, inferior king, Fms. i. 83. hálf-kveðinn, part. half uttered; skilja hálfkveðit orð, or hálfkveðna vísu = Lat. verbum sat, MS. 4. 7. hálf-launat, n. part. rewarded by half, Fms. ii. 62, Grág. i. 304. hálf-leypa, u, f. a half laupr (a measure), B. K. passim, hálf-leystr, part. half loosened, Greg. 55. hálf-lifandi, part. half alive, half dead, Mar. hálf-litr, adj. of a cloak, of two colours, one colour on each side, Fms. ii. 70, Fas. iii. 561, Sturl. ii. 32, iii. 112, Fær. 227, Bs. i. 434. hálf-ljóst, n. adj.; pá er hálfljóst var, in twilight, Sturl. iii. 193. hálf-lokaðr, part. half locked. hálf-mætti, n. ‘half might,’ opp. to omnipotence, Skálda 161. hálf-mörk, f. half a mark, Vm. 80, 126. hálf-nauðigr, adj. half reluctant, Fms. xi. 392. hálf-neitt, n. adj. ‘half-naught,’ trifling, Fas. i. 60. hálf-níð, n. half a lampoon, Fms. iii. 21. hálf-níræðr, see above (II). hálf-nýtr, adj. of half use, Rb. 86. hálf-opinn, adj. half open. hálf-prestr, m. a ‘half-priest,’ a chaplain to a hálfkirkja, Sturl. ii. 178. hálf-pund, n. half a pound, Gþl. 343. hálf-raddarstafr, m. a semivowel, Skálda 176, 178. hálf-reingr, a, m. a half scamp, Bs. i. 517. hálf-rétti, n. a law term (cp. fullrétti, p. 177), a slight, a personal affront or injury of the second degree, liable only to a half fine; e. g. hálfréttis-orð is a calumny in words that may be taken in both senses, good and bad; whereas fullréttis-orð is downright, unmistakable abuse, Grág. ii. 144; hence the phrases, mæla, göra hálfrétti við e-n, i. 156, 157, ii. 153. hálfréttis-eiðr, m. an oath of compurgation to be taken in a case of h., N. G. L. i. 352. hálfréttis-maðr, m. a man that has suffered hálfrétti, Gþl. 105, 200. hálfréttis-mál, n. a suit of a case of h., N. G. L. i. 314. hálf-róinn, part. having rowed half the way, half-way, Fms. viii. 312. hálf-róteldi, n., prob. corrupt, Fms. xi. 129. hálf-rými, n. a naut. term, half a cabin, one side of a ship’s cabin, Fms. viii. 138, ix. 33, x. 157, Hkr. i. 302. hálfrýmis-félagar, m. pl. messmates in the same h., Edda 108. hálfrýmis-kista, u, f. a chest or bench belonging to a h., Fms. viii. 85. hálf-rökit (-rökvit, -rökvat), n. adj. half twilight, in the evening, Grett. 137, 140 A; hálf-rökvat is the mod. form, which occurs in Grett. 79 new Ed., Jb. 176, Al. 54; vide rökvit. hálf-sagðr, part. half told; in the saying, jafnan er hálfsögð saga ef einn segir = audiatur et altera pars, Grett. 121. hálf-sextugr, see hálfr II. hálf-sjauræðr, adj. = hálfsjötugr, Stj. 48. hálf-sjötugr, see hálfr II. hálf-skiptr, part. = hálflitr, Fms. ii. 170, Sturl. iii. 112. hálf-sleginn, part. half mown, of a field. hálf-slitinn, part. half worn. hálf-sofandi, part. half asleep. hálf-sótt, n. part. half passed; hálfsótt haf, a half-crossed sea. hálf-systkin, n. pl. half brother and sister, cp. hálfbróðir. hálf-systur, f. pl. half sisters. hálf-tíræðr, see hálfr II. hálf-troll, n. half a giant, Eg. 1, Nj. 164 (a nickname). hálf-tunna, u, f. half a tun, Vm. 44. hálf-unninn, part. half done, Fas. ii. 339. hálf-vaxinn, part. half grown. hálf-vegis, adv. by halves. hálf-virði, n. half worth, Jb. 403, Glúm. 347, Sturl. ii. 132. hálf-visinn, part. and hálf-vista, adj. half withered, and medic. palsied on one side. hálf-viti, a, m. a half-witted man. hálf-votr, adj. half wet. hálf-vætt, f. half weight (a measure), Dipl. iv. 8, Fas. iii. 383. hálf-þrítugr, see hálfr II; spelt half-ðritogr, Js. 79. hálf-þurr, adj. half dry. hálf-þverrandi, part. half waning, Js. 732 (of the moon). hálf-þynna, u, f. a kind of small axe, Gþl. 103, 104, Lv. 35. hálf-ærinn, part. half sufficient, Fms. viii. 440. hálf-ærr, adj. half mad, Sks. 778.

II. in mod. usage hálf is freq. used = rather, e. g. hálf-kalt, adj. rather cold: hálf-feginn, adj., eg er hálffeginn, I am rather glad: e-m er hálf-íllt, hálf-bumult, hálf-óglatt, n. adj. one feels rather ill: hálf-hungraðr, hálf-svangr, hálf-soltinn, hálf-þyrstr, adj. rather hungry, rather thirsty, etc., and in endless compds.

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   ■, and Gerhard Lehmbruch, eds. Trends towards Corporatist Intermediation. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1979.

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   ■ Veríssimo, Serrão. Marcelo Caetano: Confidencias No Exílio. Lisbon, 1985. Vintras, R. E. The Portuguese Connection: The Secret History of the Azores Base. London: Bachman & Turner, 1974. West, S. George. The New Corporative State of Portugal [Inaugural lecture, King's College, London, Feb. 1937]. London: New Temple Press, 1937. Wheeler, Douglas L. "Thaw in Portugal." Foreign Affairs 48, 4 (July 1970): 769-81.

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   ■. Republican Portugal: A Political History, 1910-1926. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978. Portuguese edition: História Política de Portugal, 1910-l926. Mem Martins, 1985.

   ■. "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question, and World War II." Luso-Brazilian Review [two part article] 12, 1-2 (Summer 1986; Winter 1986): 107-27.

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   ■, and René Pélissier. Angola. New York: Praeger and London: Pall Mall, 1971; reprinted: Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1977.

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   ■ World War II and Portugal

   ■ Afonso, Rui. Um Homem Bom. Aristides De Sousa Mendes O " Wallenberg Portugues." Lisbon: Caminho, 1995.

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   ■ Beevor, J. G. SOE. Recollections and Reflections 1940-45. London, 1981. Bloch, Michael. Operation Willi: The Plot to Kidnap the Duke of Windsor July 1940. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984. Carrilho, Maria et. al., Portugal Na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Contributos para uma reavaliacao. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1989. Cole, Robert. Britain and the War of Words in Neutral Europe, 1939-45. New York: St. Martin's, 1990. Colvin, Ian. Flight 777. London: Evans, 1957. Dias, Mariana Tavares. Lisboa nos Anos 40. Lisbon: Quimera, 1997. Eizenstadt, Stuart E. Coord. U.S. and Allied Efforts to Recover and Restore Gold and Other Assets Stolen or Hidden by Germany during World War II. New York, 2001.

   ■ Fralon, Jose-Alain. A Good Man in Evil Times. The Story of Aristides De Sousa Mendes: The Man Who Saved the Lives of Countless Refugees in World War II. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2001.

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   ■ Johns, Philip. Within Two Cloaks. Missions With SIS and SOE. London, 1979.

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   ■ Ribeiro, Aquilino. Volfarmio Romance. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1943.

   ■ Rosas, Fernando. Portugal entre a Paz e a Guerra. Lisbon: Estampa, 1990.

   ■ Saint-Exupery, Antoine. Wartime Writings, 1939-1944. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1986.

   ■ Teixeira, Nuno Severiano, ed. Portugal E A Guerra. Historia das Intervencoes militares portuguesas nos grandes conflitos mundiais seculos XIX e XX. Lisbon: Colibri, 1998.

   ■ Telo, Antonio Jose. Propagandal E Guerra Secreta Em Portugal 1939-45. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■. Portugal na Segunda Guerra ( 1941-1945), 2 vols. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■. Os Acores E O Controlo Do Atlantico ( 1898/ 1948). Lisbon: Ed. Asa, 1993.

   ■. A neutralidade portuguesa e o ouro nazi. Lisbon, 2000.

   ■ Vintras, R.E. The Portuguese Connection: The Secret History of the Azores Base. London: Bachman and Turner, 1974. Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Age Old Business of Espionage." 1987 World Book Year Book. Chicago, 1987.

   ■. "'In the Service of Order.' The Portuguese Political Police and the British, Germany and Spanish Intelligence [Services]." Journal of Contemporary History 36: no. 3 (Jan. 1983), 1-25.

   ■. "And Who is My Neighbor? A World War II Hero of Conscience for Portugal." Luso-Brazilian Review 23 (no. 2) (Summer 1989), 119-39.

   ■. "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question, and World War II." Luso-Brazilian Review (Madison, WI), 23 (nos.1, 2) (Summer, 1986; Winter, 1986). 97-111; 108-127.

   ■. "Last of the Great Air Mysteries of the War [World War II]." Bridport and Lyme Regis Gazette (Dorset, U.K.), June 5, 2003, 24-25.

   ■. "Leslie Howard Helped Win World War II," St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, Mo.), April 3, 5, 2005.

   ■ Wilson, Robert. A Small Death in Lisbon. London, 2000.

   ■. The Company Of Strangers. San Diego, 2002.

   ■ Wylie, Neville. "An Amateur Learns His Job? Special Operations Executive in Portugal, 1940-42." Journal of Contemporary History. 36: no. 3 (2001), 441-57.

   ■ The Military

   ■ Ferreira Martins, General. Historia do Exercito Portugues. Lisbon: Inquerito, 1945.

   ■ Kaulza de Arriaga, General. Guerra e Politica. Em nome da verdade. Os anos decisivos. Lisbon: Referendo, 1987.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, Jose. O Comportamento Politico dos Militares, Forcas Armadas e Regimes Politicos em Portugal no seculo XX. Lisbon: Estampa, 1992.

   ■ Pereira Marques, Fernando. Exercito e Sociedade em Portugal. No Declinio do Antigo Regime e advento do Liberalismo. Lisbon: Regra do Jogo, 1981.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm, 1977.

   ■ Ribeiro Dos Santos, Antonio Pedro. O Estado E A Order Publica. As Institui-coes Militares Portuguesas. Lisbon: Instituto Superior De Ciencias Sociais E Politicas, 1999.

   ■ Saraiva de Carvalho, Otelo. Alvorada em Abril. Amadora (Portugal): Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Selvagem, Carlos. Portugal Militar. Compendio de Historia Militar e Naval de Portugal. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1931.

   ■ Spinola, Antonio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon: Arcadia, 1974.

   ■. Pais Sem Rumo. Contributo para a historia de uma Revolucao. Lisbon: Scire, 1978.

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   ■. Coord., Nova Historia Militar de Portugal, 5 vols. Lisbon: Circulo de Leitores, 2003-.

   ■ Valente, Vasco Pulido. O Poder e o Povo. A Revolucao de 1910. Lisbon: Moraes, 1976, 1982.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. Republican Portugal: A Political History ( 1910-1926). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978, 1998.

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   ■ Government and Politics since 1974

   ■ Aguiar, Joaquim. "Hidden Fluidity in an Ultra-Stable Party System." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 101-27. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel, ed. Sistema Eleitoral Portugües: Debate Político e Parlamentar. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/ Casa da Moeda, 1998.

   ■, ed. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." In Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer, 2000): 1-404.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., ed. Political Parties and Democracy in Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1997. Carlucci, Frank. "Confiei no Povo Portugues." Visao (Lisbon), April 10, 1997, 46-47.

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   ■ Coelho, Mário Baptista, ed. Portugal. O Sistema Política a Constitucional, 1974-87. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, UNL, 1989.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antonio. "Settling Accounts with the Past in a Troubled Transition to Democracy: The Portuguese Case." In Alexandra Barahona De Brito, Carmen Gonzalez-Enriquez, and Paloma Aguilar, eds., The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, 65-91. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

   ■ Cruzeiro, Maria Manuela. Costa Gomes-o Ultimo Marechal. Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 1998.

   ■ Domingos, Emídio Da Veiga. Portugal Político. Análise das Instituiçoes. Lisbon, 1989.

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   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth R., and Scott C. Monje, eds. Portugal: The Constitution and the Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-1989. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Camões Center Special Report No. 2, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■ Opello, Walter C., Jr. "The New Parliament in Portugal." Legislative Studies Quarterly, 3 (May 1978): 309-334.

   ■. "Local Government and Political Culture in a Portuguese Rural County." Comparative Politics 13 (April 1981): 271-89.

   ■. "Portugal's Administrative Elite: Social Origins and Political Attitudes." West European Politics 6 (Jan. 1983): 63-74.

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   ■ Arouca, Manuel. Os Filhos Da Costa Do Sol. Mem Martins, 1989. Audibert, Pierre, and Daniel Brignon. Portugal: Les nouveaux centurions. Paris, 1974.

   ■ Baptista, Jacinto. Caminhos para uma revolução. Lisbon, 1975. Barreto, Antônio. Memórias da Reforma Agrária. Mem Martins: Europa-Amé-rica, 1983.

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   ■ Bermeo, Nancy Gina. "Worker Management in Industry: Reconciling Representative Government and Industrial Democracy in a Polarized Society." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 181-98. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. The Revolution within the Revolution: Workers' Control in Rural Portugal. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■ Braeckman, Colette. Portugal: Revolution surveilée. Brussels: Rossei, 1975.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel. "O Presidente da República na génese e evolução do sistema de governor portugües." Análise social XXIX, 125-26 (1994): 237-65.

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   ■, and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Carvalho, Ortelo Saraiva de. Cinco Meses Mudaram Portugal. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Alvorada em Abril. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Cid, Augusto. PREC-Processo Revolucionário Eventualmente Chocante. Viseu, 1977.

   ■ Costa Lobo, Marina, and Pedro C. Magalhaes. "From 'Third Wave' to 'Third Way': Europe and the Portuguese Socialists (1975-1999)," Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 3, no. 1 (2001), 25-35.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antônio, ed. Modern Portugal. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■, and Nuno Severiano Teixeira, eds. Southern Europe and the Making of the European Union. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2002.

   ■ Cunhal, Alvaro. A Revolução Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999.

   ■ Downs, Charles. "Comissões de Moradores and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 4 (1986): 267-94.

   ■. Revolution at the Grassroots: Community Organizations in the Portuguese Revolution. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

   ■ Dufour, Jean-Marc. Prague sur Tage. Paris, 1975.

   ■ Durão Barroso, José. Le systémepolitiqueportugais face à l'intégration euro-péenne. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Eisfeid, Rainer. "Portugal: What Role/What Future?" In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution. New York: RIIC, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■. Sozialistischer Pluralismus in Europa: Ansãtze und Scheitern am Beispiel Portugal. Cologne: Verlag Wissenchaft ünd Politik, 1985.

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   ■ Farinha, Luis. "Regresso a Europa. Uma opcao feliz." Historia. XXIX; 95, III series (March 2007), 23-33.

   ■ Faye, Jean-Pierre, ed. Portugal: The Revolution in the Labyrinth. Nottingham, U.K.: Spokesman, 1976. Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Michael W. Marshall. Portugal's Revolution: Ten Years On. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Figueira, João Costa. Cavaco Silva: Homem de Estado. Lisbon, 1987. Filoche, Gérard. Printemps Portugais. Paris: Editions Action, 1984. Frémontier, Jacques. Os Pontos nos ii. Lisbon, 1976. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. 25 de Abril-10 anos depois. Lisbon, 1984. Futscher Pereira, Bernardo. "Portugal and Spain." In K. Maxwell, ed. Portugal in the 1980s, 63-87. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Gama, Jaime. Política Externa Portuguesa 1983-85: Ministério dos Negôcios Estrangeiros. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■. "Preface." In J. Calvet de Magalhães, A. de Vasconcelos, and J. Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.

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   ■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.

   ■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.

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   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.

   ■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.

   ■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.

   ■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.

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   ■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.

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   ■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.

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   ■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

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   ■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.

   ■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.

   ■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.

   ■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.

   ■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.

   ■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.

   ■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.

   ■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

   ■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).

   ■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.

   ■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.

   ■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.

   ■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].

   ■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.

   ■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.

   ■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.

   ■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.

   ■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,

   ■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

   ■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).

   ■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.

   ■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Stock, Maria José. Os Partidos do Poder: Dez Anos Depois do " 25 De Abril." Evora, 1986.

   ■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.

   ■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.

   ■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.

   ■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.

   ■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.

   ■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA

   ■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.

   ■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.

   ■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.

   ■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.

   ■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.

   ■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.

   ■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.

   ■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.

   ■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.

   ■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.

   ■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.

   ■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY

   ■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).

   ■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da

   ■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.

   ■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.

   ■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.

   ■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.

   ■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

   ■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.

   ■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.

   ■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.

   ■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:

   ■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.

   ■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS

   ■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.

   ■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.

   ■. The Journal of William Beckford in Portugal and Spain 1787-1788.

   ■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.

   ■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.

   ■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.

   ■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.

   ■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.

   ■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.

   ■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.

   ■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.

   ■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.

   ■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.

   ■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.

   ■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.

   ■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

   ■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.

   ■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.

   ■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.

   ■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.

   ■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.

   ■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.

   ■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.

   ■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.

   ■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.

   ■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.

   ■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.

   ■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.

   ■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.

   ■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.

   ■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

   ■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.

   ■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.

   ■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.

   ■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.

   ■. Navegadores, viajantes e adventureiros portugueses: Séculos XV e XVI. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.

   ■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.

   ■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.

   ■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.

   ■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.

   ■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.

   ■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.

   ■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.

   ■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

   ■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.

   ■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]

   ■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

   ■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.

   ■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.

   ■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.

   ■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.

   ■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.

   ■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.

   ■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.

   ■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Seary, E. R. "The Portuguese Element in the Place Names of Newfoundland." In Luís Albuquerque, ed., Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Memo-riam. Vol. II, 359-64. Lisbon: Academia da Marinha, 1989.

   ■ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

   ■ Velho, Alvaro. Roteiro ( Navigator's Route) da Primeira Viagem de Vasco da Gama ( 1497-1499). Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Winius, George, ed. Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World 1300-ca. 1600. Madison, Wisc.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.

   ■ PORTUGAL AND HER OVERSEAS EMPIRES (1415-1975)

   ■ Abshire, David M., and Michael A. Samuels, eds. Portuguese Africa: A Handbook. New York: Praeger, 1969.

   ■ Afonso, Aniceto, and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial. Lisbon: Noticias, 2001.

   ■ Albuquerque, J. Moushino de. Moçambique. Lisbon, 1898.

   ■ Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.